Approximately one-third of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy fail to achieve satisfactory seizure control with antiepileptic medication, and are considered to have refractory epilepsy. These dogs are at greater risk of disease-related complications and death associated with their uncontrolled seizures. The mechanisms that lead to refractory epilepsy remain poorly understood. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that an important interaction exists between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain - the so called microbiota-gut-brain axis – that is vital for maintaining homeostasis of the nervous system and can influence susceptibility to disease. This presentation includes discussion of refractory epilepsy in dogs, with a review of its clinical characteristics and our current understanding of the mechanisms that can result in drug resistant seizures. The concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is also be introduced, and evidence presented to demonstrate the role that the gastrointestinal system plays in the development and progression of epilepsy and other neurological disorders in humans. Finally, published information on the link between the gastrointestinal tract and epilepsy in dogs is reviewed, and future directions for research explored. Running time: 1 hour Fee: Free for Premium Membership subscribers or pay-per-view ($28)